不同蛋白质水平饲粮对生长期云上黑山羊能量代谢的影响

为研究不同蛋白质水平饲粮对生长期云上黑山羊能量代谢的影响,选取21只体况良好、体重44.84 kg±2.79 kg的处于生长期的云上黑山羊公羊,随机分为3组,每组7个重复,分别饲喂蛋白质水平为9.80%、11.61%和12.66%的3种不同饲粮。所有试验羊进行44 d的饲养试验(预饲期14 d,正试期30 d),在正试期的第12~17天,从3个试验组中各选择健康、体重相近的5只羊进行消化代谢试验。结果表明:①12.66%蛋白质水平组干物质采食量和摄入总能均显著高于9.80%蛋白质水平组和11.61%蛋白质水平组(P<0.05)。②粪能排泄量11.61%蛋白质水平组最低,且显著低于12.66%蛋白质水平组(P<0.05)。③DE、UE、ECH4、ME和NEp三个蛋白质水平组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。④总能消化率、总能代谢率3个蛋白质水平组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);11.61%蛋白质水平组消化能代谢率显著高于12.66%蛋白质水平组(P<0.05)。⑤生长期云上黑山羊的组织和器官能量3个蛋白质水平组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);除9.80%蛋白质水平组大肠能量显著高于11.61%蛋白质水平组外(P<0.05),其他胃及肠道能量3个蛋白质水平组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综上,说明不同蛋白质水平对云上黑山羊GE、FE、ME/DE有显著影响,饲粮蛋白质水平为11.61%时能量利用率最佳。     

热应激诱发的氧化应激对羊的影响及其作用机制

热应激会破坏机体氧化系统和抗氧化系统之间的平衡,诱发机体的氧化应激。而机体抗氧化系统与免疫系统息息相关,其中核转录因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)信号通路是联系二者的重要途径。本文阐述了热应激如何诱导羊发生氧化应激,以及热应激诱导的氧化应激对羊肠道组织、机体免疫细胞及相关细胞因子表达分泌的影响和Nrf2信号通路的调控机制,以期系统理解热应激诱导的氧化应激对羊的影响。     

外源褪黑激素对罕山白绒山羊绒毛生长相关基因表达差异的影响

试验旨在筛选罕山白绒山羊皮肤毛囊生长脱落相关的关键基因,并揭示外源褪黑激素（Melatonin,MT）对罕山白绒山羊绒毛生长相关基因表达差异的影响。选择10只体重平均为33.3 kg、年龄为20月龄的罕山白绒山为实验动物,分为2组,从2014年12月开始每隔1个月按照2 mg/（kg·BW）的剂量在埋植组绒山羊耳后皮下埋植MT,于2015年9月采集2组罕山白绒山羊皮肤组织进行RNA-Seq测序,对差异表达基因进行筛选、功能注释和富集分析。共筛选获得了475个在埋植组与对照组中差异表达的基因,其中,上调表达基因392个,下调表达基因83个。KEGG富集性分析表明,差异表达基因主要参与白细胞经内皮迁移、趋化因子信号通路、fcγ-R介导的吞噬作用、吞噬体、造血细胞谱系、补体级联和混凝级联、细胞因子—细胞因子受体相互作用、NF-kappa B信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路等。PI3K-Akt信号通路可能在褪黑激素调控皮肤毛囊发育中发挥重要作用。研究结果为进一步研究MT影响皮肤毛囊生长的分子机理提供依据。     

陕北白绒山羊羯羊能量和蛋白质需要量

本试验旨在研究陕北白绒山羊羯羊能量和蛋白质的需要量,为制定其饲养标准提供数据。选取36只体重相近、健康状况良好的陕北白绒山羊周岁羯羊,按3×3(能量×蛋白质)完全随机设计分为9组,每组4个重复,每个重复1只。各组饲粮消化能和粗蛋白质水平分别参照NRC(1981)推荐量的100%、110%、120%和90%、110%、130%设定。预试期7 d,正试期46 d。结果表明:1)饲粮能量水平对周岁羯羊的干物质采食量和平均日增重都有极显著影响(P0.01),蛋白质水平对干物质采食量影响显著(P0.05);饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对干物质采食量有显著的互作效应(P0.05)。2)低能量水平组的可消化氮显著低于中能量水平组与高能量水平组(P0.05);低蛋白质水平组的进食氮、可消化氮、沉积氮、氮表观消化率均极显著低于中蛋白质水平组和高蛋白质水平组(P0.01)。3)总能消化率和总能代谢率均随着能量水平的提高而极显著地升高(P0.01);高蛋白质水平组的总能代谢率和消化能代谢率显著低于低蛋白质水平组(P0.05);能量和蛋白质水平对总能消化率、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率均产生显著或极显著的互作效应(P0.05或P0.01)。本试验得到了陕北白绒山羊周岁羯羊能量和蛋白质需要量的回归方程,饲粮的消化能和代谢能分别以8.80~10.61 MJ/kg和7.34~8.76 M J/kg较为适宜,粗蛋白质和可消化粗蛋白质分别以10.00%和7.34%为宜。     

Effects of Epidural Ketamine–Xylazine Combination on the Clinicophysiological and Haematobiochemical Parameters of Uraemic and Healthy Goats

Xylazine–ketamine combination was evaluated for its efficacy and safety after epidural administration in uraemic and healthy goats. The combination (xylazine 0.025 mg/kg and ketamine 2.5 mg/kg) was administered to uraemic (n = 6) and healthy (n = 6) animals in the lumbosacral epidural space. The combination was evaluated in terms of clinical, physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters. The onset of analgesia was faster in healthy animals than in uraemic animals. Xylazine and ketamine produced complete analgesia of tail, perineum, inguinal and thigh regions in all animals of both groups. However, healthy animals showed longer duration of complete analgesia than did uraemic animals. Greater ataxia was recorded in healthy animals than in uraemic animals. The heart rate showed a significant decrease in both groups; however, respiratory rate and rectal temperature did not show any significant changes. Haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total leukocyte count decreased non-significantly in both groups. Total leukocyte count was significantly higher in uraemic animals. A significantly higher value of urea nitrogen and creatinine was recorded in uraemic animals. The blood electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻) and blood gases (P o ₂ and P co ₂) did not show any significant changes in both groups; however, base excess was significantly higher in uraemic animals. The effects produced by the combination on different systems were transient and values normal as the effect of the drugs wore off. The results suggest that the combination when used epidurally in uraemic goats produced effective and safe surgical analgesia.     

Renal excretion of digoxin in swine and goats.

In experiments on swine and goats the renal excretion of digoxin was examined, and it was found that the renal clearance of non-protein-bound digoxin in swine was lower than creatinine clearance which expresses filtration clearance. Correlation analysis showed that the renal clearance of digoxin in swine was not significantly influenced by the concentration of non-protein-bound digoxin in plasma and the pH of the urine, while there was a significant positive correlation between the clearance and the urine flow rate (Table 4). On the other hand, the renal clearance of digoxin in goats was significantly influenced by the concentration of non-proteinbound digoxin in plasma and by urine pH (Table 4). From these results it is concluded that glomerular filtration and back-diffusion are involved in the renal handling of digoxin in both swine and goats. In addition active tubular secretion is also involved in the renal excretion of digoxin in goats.     

Post-vaccination antibodies profile against Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in sheep and goats of Punjab,Pakistan

A total of 70 sheep and 330 goats were selected randomly. All the animals were kept under same housing and management conditions. Serum samples were collected from all the animals and tested for the presence of antibodies against Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus using competitive ELISA (cELISA). All the animals were found negative showing percentage inhibition (PI) values <50. The animals were vaccinated against PPR with Nig/75/1 strain vaccine of PPR Serum samples were collected from randomly selected 12 sheep and 30 goats at 10, 30 and 45 days post-vaccination. The samples were subjected to cELISA to determine the presence of antibodies against PPRV. The samples with PI >50 were considered as sero-positive. The sheep found positive at 10, 30 and 45 days post-vaccination were 1(8.3%), 7(58.3%) and 12(100%) respectively. In case of goats 3(10.0%), 29(96.6%) and 27(90.0%) animals gave positive results at 10, 30 and 45 days post-vaccination respectively. Mean PI values in sheep at 10, 30 and 45 days post-vaccination were recorded as 37, 65 and 91 respectively, whereas in goats these values were 43, 78 and 86 respectively.     

Comparative efficacy of standard AGID and precipitinogen inhibition test with monoclonal antibodies based competitive ELISA for the serology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Peste des Petits Ruminants</Emphasis> in sheep and goats

This project was conducted to investigate the comparative efficiency of competitive ELISA (cELISA), standard Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test (AGID) and Precipitinogen Inhibition Test (PIT) for the diagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Pakistan. To deal with this, serum samples from 198 sheep and 82 goats were collected from three different government livestock farms and all the samples were run simultaneously with the three serological tests. The samples found positive for PPR antibodies through cELISA, AGID and PIT were 96 (34.2%), 60 (21.4%) and 72 (25.7%), respectively. Kappa statistics were applied to evaluate the concordance between the laboratory-based test (cELISA) and field-based tests (AGID and PIT). Kappa statistics scores for cELISA versus AGID and PIT were 0.6343 (95% Confidence Interval CI 0.5231–0.7456) and 0.7134 (95% Confidence Interval CI 0.5987–0.8281), respectively, which indicate a “substantial” agreement between cELISA and AGID and “significant” agreement between cELISA and PIT. AGID and PIT revealed relative diagnostic sensitivities with cELISA of 59.3% and 69.7% and relative diagnostic specificities of 98.3% and 97.2%, respectively. The data suggested that for mass screening and control of PPR, these serological tests proved practical in the absence of cELISA since they have high relative diagnostic specificities and a satisfactory relative diagnostic sensitivities.     

Effect of soluble glass bolus administration on the blood selenium concentration in grazing Philippine goats under backyard conditions

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of selenium (Se) soluble glass bolus (SGB) on blood Se concentrations of mixed‐bred (native × Anglo Nubian) pregnant does weighing between 15 and 52 kg and grazing on natural pastures in the Philippines. The control group, consisting of 28 does, was not administered with SGB, while 23 does were administered with SGB every 6 months for a period of 12 months. Forage and blood samples in both groups were collected every 2 months. Their Se, sulfur, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc concentrations were analyzed using the wet digestion method. The results showed that the grazed forage had concentrations of all these minerals that were far higher than the accepted critical lower levels. The Se concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in the dry season than in the rainy season, especially in the whole blood collected from the does and newborn kids. In both groups the Se concentration in the kids tended to increase during the suckling period but decreased after weaning. Kids born to the SGB does had higher whole blood Se concentrations (P < 0.05) than those born to the control does. However, the administration of SGB to the does did not affect any blood mineral concentrations except for Se in the grazing does and their kids. The animals did not exhibit any clinical signs of mineral deficiencies or toxicities during the experimental period.